2012年1月11日 星期三

巴菲特的衣砵繼承者


巴菲特的衣砵繼承者
2012年 01月 11日 11:47
仿
效一個傳奇很困難。

50歲的特德•韋施勒(Ted Weschler)是弗吉尼亞州夏洛茨維爾(Charlottesville)的一位對沖基金經理,自認為是沃倫•巴菲特(Warren Buffett)的忠實崇拜者,但直到去年夏天,他都從未設想過自己會為巴菲特工作。得到這樣一份工作,就意味著你將成為社會關注和評論的焦點,這樣並不值得。

然而這個月,韋施勒將進入伯克希爾哈撒韋公司(Berkshire Hathaway Inc.),幫助巴菲特掌管伯克希爾公司1100億美元的股票、債券和其他投資。這讓韋施勒和另一位前對沖基金經理、40歲的托德•庫姆斯(Todd Combs)成為未來某天可能接手巴菲特空前成功地管理了超過45年的投資組合的候選人。

考慮到必然要接受的嚴格審查,因此當巴菲特2007年宣布他正在物色有天分的投資者,接替他擔任伯克希爾公司的投資組合經理時,許多頂尖基金經理甚至都沒想到要去申請。

哥倫比亞商學院(Columbia Business School)的金融學教授布魯斯•格林沃爾德(Bruce Greenwald)稱,“任何[頂尖基金經理]都不願意冒險去接受這項工作。他們幹得好好的,何必再冒收入下降、失去自主權的風險?而且他們也不願意與巴菲特的業績作於己不利的比較。”

“誰願意在這種環境下工作?”

韋施勒認真考慮了這個機會。當巴菲特最初開始在全球遴選基金經理和繼任者人選時,韋施勒曾考慮申請,但通過與熟悉韋施勒、巴菲特和伯克希爾公司的人的交談,他最終認為這份工作太引人注目。

但在花了500多萬美元贏得兩次與巴菲特共進午餐的慈善活動機會後,韋施勒得到了一份他意料之外──而且也無法拒絕──的錄用函。81歲的巴菲特在9月份宣布了雇用韋施勒的消息,韋施勒計劃本月晚些時候開始上班。

和庫姆斯一樣,他將會得到基本工資以及依據標準普爾500股票指數(S&P 500 stock index)計算投資績效的獎金。

Matt Eich/LUCEO for The Wall Street Journal
特德•韋施勒(Ted Weschler)
作為一個長期默默工作卻從不掩飾自己是巴菲特信徒的人,韋施勒在過去幾十年中管理著一家成功的對沖基金──半島資本顧問公司(Peninsula Capital Advisors)。這家公司位於夏洛茨維爾緬因街(Main Street)一幢建築的二層,樓下是一間古老的書店。夏洛茨維爾是一座風景如畫的大學城,弗吉尼亞大學(University of Virginia)就坐落於此。這家基金公司管理著約20億美元的資產。

韋施勒每幾周就會與巴菲特交談或通電子郵件,他未來的老板給了他一段時間來處理完他現在所在基金剩余的事務。他和庫姆斯用電子郵件交流,並到奧馬哈(Omaha)去了幾次。

盡管已婚並有兩個孩子的韋施勒想繼續安家在夏洛茨維爾,但他將在奧馬哈租下一間公寓,每周有三至四天住在那裡。

韋施勒到巴菲特的家鄉走馬上任,堪稱是其投資人職業生涯的頂峰,這一生涯在他年少之時便已開端。

還是個孩子的時候,韋施勒就會交易棒球卡和稀有硬幣。他12歲生日時,他的姨媽給他買了12股立頓工業公司(Litton Industries)的股票,這是賓夕法尼亞州伊利市(Erie)的一家造船公司,韋施勒就是在那裡長大的。從那時開始,他就迷上了股市,開始翻看金融報道,密切關注立頓公司的動態。

韋施勒本打算上克利夫蘭(Cleveland)附近的約翰-卡羅爾大學(John Carroll University),但他的一個哥哥讓他樹立了更高的目標,最後他進入了賓夕法尼亞大學沃頓商學院(the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School),並於1983年獲得了金融學與會計學學位。為了籌集學費,韋施勒買了一台二手彈球機,向來玩的同學收費。(現在他仍留著這台彈球機。)

畢業後,韋施勒住在曼哈頓下城(lower Manhattan)的炮台公園(Battery Park),開始為W.R. Grace & Co.工作。這是一家成立於1854年的企業集團,在全球經營化學品、餐館和醫療保健生意。

韋施勒在Grace公司工作的時間讓他接觸到了許多行業。他從最底層的財務職位幹起,最後成為了當時美國著名的實業家彼得•格雷斯(Peter Grace)的助理。

即使在那時,韋施勒也在檢驗著自己選擇股票的才能。他剛到Grace公司,每年才掙21,000美元時,就用信用卡的全部預借現金額度購買了所有他能買到的步伐會員倉儲銷售公司(Pace Membership Warehouse)的股票,因為根據他的估算,他所購買股票的潛在資本收益將超過信用卡的利息費用。(事實証明,他是對的。)

韋施勒為Grace公司研究商業模式時接觸到了倉儲會員店的概念,當他開始沉迷於這個概念時,便有了這個想法。Pace公司是好市多(Costco)的早期競爭者,後來被沃爾瑪(Wal-Mart)收購。

六年後的1989年,當韋施勒決定離開Grace公司時,格雷斯懇求他留下。這位已故首席執行長的兒子帕特裡克•格雷斯(Patrick Grace)回憶道,“這是那年最令我父親失望的一件事。”但當時格雷斯臨近退休,韋施勒越來越擔心公司的前途。格雷斯於1992年讓位,於1995年去世。在石棉官司的壓力下,Grace公司於2001年申請破產保護。

離開Grace後,韋施勒在夏洛茨維爾一家叫Quad-C Management Inc.的私募股權基金公司做了近10年合伙人。他的合伙人是特裡•丹尼爾斯(Terry Daniels),曾擔任Grace公司的副主席和董事。

他們兩人在Quad C的生意做得很成功,據這家公司的網站稱,該公司投資於價值在7500萬美元至4億美元的企業。

後來,韋施勒決定自己單幹,1999年,他創立了半島公司。

在一次電話採訪中,丹尼爾斯說他為韋施勒的成功“深感自豪”。丹尼爾斯還說,“我想沃倫•巴菲特會很欣慰的。”

韋施勒創立半島公司多年後,他以投資者的身份重返Grace公司。韋施勒的基金被這家企業集團申請破產保護後豐厚的資產所吸引,並以每股約2美元的平均成本購買了超過5%的W.R. Grace的股票。現在,該股票的交易價約為45美元。

Grace的股票佔半島公司投資組合的比例最高。該公司的投資集中於十幾種資產,這讓他能夠清楚地了解所投資的公司。

伯克希爾價值590億美元的公開交易股票組合也是高度集中的,只投資了33家公司,其中持有金額前五位的五只股票佔了總資產的74%。

當韋施勒關閉他的基金公司時,他正經歷著巴菲特很少遇到的情況:虧損。

在9月30日結束的第三季度中,韋施勒的公開交易股票組合價值從約20億美元縮水至12億美元。部分原因是由於他盤活了一些頭寸,但也反映出他持有的某些主要股票(包括衛星電視公司DirecTV和醫療保健公司DaVita Inc.)的虧損。

12月15日,韋施勒將半島基金持有的多數剩余流動性資產分配給投資者。之前,他曾稱從9月30日起,他將不再收取管理費和其它費用。

即使是粗略看一下韋施勒的投資,也能看出他偶像對他的影響。

韋施勒就像巴菲特做的那樣,集中投資於少數公司。他一次持有股票數年之久。而且和巴菲特一樣,他也曾搶購整家私人持股公司。

11月,巴菲特在回答一位學生關於他的新雇員的問題時說,他會選擇他“確定能幹好”而且擁有“優秀品格”的投資經理。他說,他尋找的不僅是業績卓著的經理,還有“只想在伯克希爾工作而不想跳槽的人”。

他談到韋施勒和庫姆斯時說,“我們有兩位經理,他們既是傑出的投資者,也是傑出的人,二者貴能兼得。我不會永遠留在公司,但我會盡力。”

在上周的電話採訪中,巴菲特說,“通常,你與某人結婚一個月後,就會發現你又了解到了一些意想不到的東西。但迄今為止,我了解到的[韋施勒和庫姆斯的]每件事都讓我比以前更放心了。”

Steve Eder / Jason Zweig

============================================
其中可以看出巴菲特接班人的某些特質。

Withholding Tax Rates by Country for Foreign Stock Dividends



Withholding Tax Rates by Country for Foreign Stock Dividends

One of the factors that investors need to consider when investing in foreign stocks is taxes since it reduces the effective rate of return on an investment. Governments of most countries try to recoup millions in taxes from dividends that are paid to foreign investors by companies located in their countries. For example, when a U.S.-based investor invests in France Telecom (FTE) ADRs, the French government will deduct 25% in taxes on all dividends paid. Hence though TEF currently has a 6.98% dividend yield, the actual yield that this investor receives will be less. However the IRS allows a foreign tax credit (filed with IRS Form #1116) to be taken using which this investor can deduct the taxes paid to the French government. This is done to avoid double taxation of dividends. There is a maximum limit to this tax credit.
A few countries do not charge any taxes on dividends paid to foreign investors. So foreign investors receive the entire dividends paid by companies based in those countries. For example, the U.K. charges no taxes on dividends paid by British companies (excluding REITS) to U.S. investors. So an investor in National Gird Plc (NGG) will receive the complete dividends paid at the current dividend yield of 4.68%.
The table below lists the countries that have no withholding taxes on dividends paid to U.S. residents:
S.No.CountryTax Withholding Rate for Dividends
1Argentina0.00%
2Bahrain0.00%
3China - Red Chips0.00%
4Colombia0.00%
5Crotia0.00%
6Cyprus0.00%
7Egypt0.00%
8Estonia0.00%
9Hong Kong - Local Shares ^0.00%
10India0.00%
11Jordan0.00%
12Mauritius0.00%
13Oman0.00%
14Qatar0.00%
15Singapore0.00%
16Slovakia0.00%
17South Africa0.00%
18Tunisia0.00%
19UK0.00%
20UAE0.00%
21Vietnam0.00%
The following table below shows the withholding tax rates by country on dividends paid to U.S. residents:
S.No.CountryWithholding Tax Rate for Dividends
1Australia30.0%
2Austria25.0%
3Bangladesh15.0%
4Belgium25.0%
5Bosnia5.0%
6Brazil15.0%
7Bulgaria15.0%
8Canada15.0%
9Chile35.0%
10China - A Shares*10.0%
11China - B Shares**10.0%
12China - C Shares***10.0%
13Czech Republic15.0%
14Denmark28.0%
15Finland28.0%
16France25.0%
17Germany26.4%
18Greece10.0%
19Hungary10.0%
20Iceland15.0%
21Indonesia20.0%
22Ireland20.0%
23Israel20.0%
24Italy27.0%
25Japan10.0%
26Kazakhstan15.0%
27Kenya10.0%
28Kuwait15.0%
29Latvia10.0%
30Lebanon10.0%
31Lithuania15.0%
32Luzembourg15.0%
33Macedonia10.0%
34Malaysia25.0%
35Malta35.0%
36Mexico10.0%
37Moroccco10.0%
38The Netherlands15.0%
39New Zealand30.0%
40Nigeria10.0%
41Norway25.0%
42Pakistan10.0%
43Peru4.1%
44Philippines30.0%
45Poland19.0%
46Portugal20.0%
47Romania16.0%
48Russia15.0%
49Saudi Arabia5.0%
50Serbia20.0%
51Slovenia20.0%
52South Korea27.5%
53Spain19.0%
54Sri Lanka10.0%
55Sweden30.0%
56Switzerland35.0%
57Taiwan20.0%
58Thailand10.0%
59Turkey15.0%
60UK - REITS only20.0%
61Ukraine15.0%
*Companies incorporated in mainland China and listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen. These companies are quoted in Renminbi and are only available to Mainland and Qualified Foreign Institution Investors (QFII).
** Companies incorporated in mainland China and listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen. B-shares in Shanghai are traded in U.S. dollars, while B-shares in Shenzhen are traded in Hong Kong dollars. B-shares are available to mainland and foreign investors.
***Companies incorporated in mainland China and listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.
^Companies incorporated in Hong Kong and listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.
Source: Dow Jones Indexes, Other
Note: Please note that the above information is known to be accurate from the sources used. These rates do not apply to non-U.S. residents. Consult with a tax adviser before making any investment decisions.
Some points to remember before investing in foreign stocks:
1. Germany charges 26.4% tax on dividends only on stocks held in taxable accounts. Due to the tax-treaty between U.S. and Germany, Germany does not deduct any taxes on dividends paid by German firms to U.S. investors who hold the stock in their IRA and other qualified pension accounts.
2. The following countries have tax-treaties with the U.S. which allows favorable treatment of dividends earned by US investors investing in those countries:
Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Canada, China, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and Venezuela.
Source: The IRS
Without the tax treaties U.S investors will pay higher taxes.The Netherlands has a statutory tax rate of 25%. But due to the special tax treaty with the U.S., American investors in Dutch companies are charged only 15% as shown in the table above.
3.  It is generally not advisable to hold foreign dividend-paying ADRs in IRAs and other non-taxable accounts since one cannot recover the taxes paid to a foreign country.
4. Canada charges a 15% tax on dividends held in non-taxable accounts. But due to a policy change in 2009, dividends and interest income are exempt from this 15% tax if the investments are held in IRA or 401(K) accounts. So U.S. investors can hold Canadian banks such as bank of Novo Scotia (BNS), Royal Bank of Canada(RY) or other dividend-paying stocks like Enbridge (ENB)  in their IRAs for the long-term without worrying about taxes on dividends.
5. Though the above table shows that Chile has a 35% withholding tax rate, in my personal accounts the depository has deducted only about 22% in taxes on my Chilean dividends. This could be due to any recent change in Chilean tax laws.
For more information about U.S. tax treaties with other countries refer to the Publication 901 on the IRS web site.
Click to download the Withholding Tax Rates by Country document in pdf.
Disclosure: Long BNS, RY